Articles
Modafinil Online
Modafinil online
Modafinil and its derivatives, such as Modalert, Alertic, Vigicer and Provigil, are a class of nootropics, or cognitive enhancing substances. They have a stimulatory effect, boosting alertness and sharpening focus. They also aid recollection and produce a slightly euphoric sensation. While similar in effect to cocaine, Ritalin or amphetamines, these smart drugs are in a pharmacological category of their own. Unlike caffeine and the previously-mentioned varieties of stimulant, Modafinil rarely produces side-effects such as nervousness, twitchiness or a stress reaction of any kind. The dissipation of Modafinil from the system is also gradual, so users won’t suddenly crash into sleep mode. The stimulatory effect also feels comparatively more natural, as if one were simply well-rested rather than jazzed on an upper. In addition, some users report a lessening of anxiety. The drug remains active for up to fifteen hours, although the benefits are generally concentrated into the first six hours. As such, it’s best not to take a heavy dosage after midday lest it induce sleeplessness.
Modafinil and its analogues are derived from Adrafinil, a prior drug with a well-established record of safe and helpful usage. This class of pharmaceutical products exhibit reliable and enduring effects over time, without any over-excitement of the nervous system. Despite Adrifinal being introduced in the late 70s, its workings within the brain aren’t yet fully documented. What’s clearly established is that Modafinil triggers the anterior hypothalamus to boost wakefulness. It’s also been shown to increase dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens but the action is slight and dependent on dose. This lack of a euphoric dopamine release, as with cocaine, means the potential for chemical addiction is slight. Further, both dopamine receptor pathways are antagonized by Modafinil which prevents any related neurological excitation.
The wakeful state characteristic of Modafinil is also somewhat antagonized by the neurotransmitter anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid. Modafinil affects the receptors for central alpha l-adrenergic as an agonist and obstructs the reabsorption of noradrenaline via the related terminals on those neurons which trigger sleep, more specifically the neurons of the VLPO or ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. A more major function is Modafinil’s capacity to boost stimulatory glutamatergic transmitting. This effect decreases GABAergic transmitting which in turn lowers communication between GABA(A) receptors along the mesolimbic dopamine terminals.
Narcoleptics, whose condition is characterized by the unpredictable and often irresistible onset of slumber outside of regular sleeping hours, are greatly aided by Modafinil. Their condition stems from a disorder in the orexins, those peptides which govern alertness. Modafinil switches on these orexinergic neurons within the lateral hypothalamic area of the brain. These peptides, once activated, boost such behavioral responses as sexual excitement, motivation and sensual tendencies.
Orexingeric fibers are spanned throughout the CNS. Experiments with animals, altered genetically to orexin-knockout status, demonstrate the action of narcolepsy in people. It is common in narcolepsy cases to encounter various degrees of depression and the disruption of regular sleep cycles. Modafinil has been clinically proven to alleviate such symptoms via antoginsation of the receptors for orexin. Future drugs based on this effect may prove beneficial to sufferers of narcolepsy as well as the greater population.
Trials have been conducted to gauge Modafinil’s applicability to treating a host of disorders and their related symptoms: depression, exhaustion from multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia’s mental impairments, poor memory related to aging, Kleine Levin syndrome aka Rip van Winkle disease, hypersomnia of unknown cause, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD), myotonic dystrophy, cerebral palsy’s spasticity symptoms, fatigue symptoms of cancer and Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and so on. Modafinil also has medical application in cases such as napping, overcoming jet lag, and rapid reversal of the groggy state experienced when recovering from anesthesia. It may also be used to counteract the sedative effects of opioids and to treat meth addiction.
Speculative evidence has emerged concerning Modafinil’s potential to protect neurons from Parkinson’s disease and its disruption and depletion of dopamine. Depression sufferers who experience exhaustion and drowsiness when taking Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors will also get relief from Modafinil. The drug was also recommended in late 2003 by the FDA for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep disorders arising from shift work.
The American armed forces have been said to issue Modafinil to their troops in order to keep them awake and focused. Allied troops reportedly used Modafinil during the course of Desert Storm and Shield, although the military has done nothing to broadcast such facts among the general public.
In Canada as well as online, one may often encounter Modafinil under other brand names, such as Alertec. Most Popular India brands are Modalert, Modavigil. You can find India modafinil online in many online pharmacies over the web. These generic versions have been in production from 2006 although Cephalon, the original manufacturer of Modafinil, has fiercely defended its patents in court. Cephalon was taken over by Teva in late 2011. Teva are known for even more aggressive litigation in defense of their perceived interests. Advocates for consumers have thus warned that this merger may well raise the drug’s cost.
Midway through 2016, the FDA surprised Cephalon by denying its continued approval for Sparlon, a branding of Modafinil marketed towards the treatment of ADHD-afflicted adolescents and juveniles. This move by the FDA was in response to an isolated negative outcome which occurred during clinical testing. Specifically, a juvenile exhibited a rash which conformed to the symptoms of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), which is a hypersensitivity reaction arising in the mucous membranes and across the skin. However, there is no evidence that this condition could possibly arise in adults taking Modafinil. Indeed, the doctor who attributed the rash to Stevens-Johnson syndrome has since altered his diagnosis. This regulatory situation is regrettable given the high number of adults with ADHD who are routinely issued amphetamine-derived medications for the treatment of their condition, medication with proven and sometimes severe side-effects.
Modafinil has been tested in the treatment of atypical depression, which is the form characterized by excessive sleeping and food consumption, as well as fatigue and sensitivity to perceived rejections. “Atypical” is something of a misnomer as it is a common form. Early results have been promising although intensive clinical trials have not yet been conducted.
Cephalon submitted an application to the FDA in early 2005 for a new drug called Nuvigil. This is Modafinil in a single isomer form. Cephalon are advertising this new product extensively so as to counterbalance the expected dent in their profits from Provigil. The FDA passed this new substance in mid-2007. Nuvigil (armodafinil, r-modafinil) has been approved in cases of shift-work sleep disorder and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed as an auxiliary medication for treating obstructive sleep apnea. Nuvigil was not granted approval by the FDA for the treatment of jet lag however, and thus far no medication has been approved for that purpose.
There is a lot of momentum behind Modafinil’s use as a productivity-enhancing smart drug. This non-sanctioned usage is certainly not against the profit motive of its manufacturers. Several GPs have remarked on what is seemingly a rapid-onset epidemic of narcolepsy among those of their patients who are upwardly mobile professionals or over-achieving students.
Students are perhaps the fastest growing category of Modafinil users. They order modafinil online through US and EU onlinestores or simply take it from campus sellers. The cognitive-enhancement effects of Modafinil are established, if not dramatic. Several universities in the United Kingdom have seen its usage become commonplace, particular among students looking to excel during examinations. This has prompted calls for testing for performance-enhancing substances in situations of mental competition, as is done in competitive physical sports. Beyond students, Modafinil is also reportedly being taken by lecturers, researchers, dons and others in academia.
While relatively safe at recommended dosages, one must be cautious in using Modafinil to forego regular sleep, especially for extended periods. Sleep is necessary to healthy immune function. Witness a study in the Archives of Internal Medicine dated the first month of 2009, which concluded the people who sleep for fewer than seven hours during the night have a threefold higher risk of contracting a cold than those who get a full eight hours (or longer) of rest. Ultimately, sleep-deprivation is fatal, as shown when laboratory animals are entirely deprived of sleep and succumb to bacterial blood-infections.
|